Re-organize Dockerfile to improve incremental builds. (#10212)

Re-organize Dockerfile to improve incremental builds. (#10212)

- Always run apt update before any other apt command. (This fixes
  incremental builds failing if a remote package is updated.)
- Only copy dependency lists before installing dependencies. (This means
  editing code doesn't force all dependencies to be re-downloaded.)
- Delete cache in the same layer that it is created. (Otherwise,
  deleting cache *increases* the size of the image on non-squashed
  builds.)
- Move the installation of some static dependencies to *before* Mastodon
  code is imported to Docker.